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What is the thyroid gland?
The thyroid is a small butterfly-shaped gland located just below the Adam’s
apple. The primary function of the thyroid is to control the body’s metabolism
(the rate at which the cells perform duties essential to living). To control the
metabolism, the thyroid produces the hormones T4 and T3, which tell the body’s
cells how much energy to use. These hormones act on almost all the tissues and
organs of the body and help control your body temperature, influence your heart
rate, and regulate the production of protein.
A properly functioning thyroid will maintain the right amount of hormones
needed to keep the body’s metabolism functioning at a satisfactory rate. As
the hormones are used, the thyroid creates replacements. The quantity of the
thyroid hormones in the blood stream is monitored and controlled by the
pituitary gland, which is located in the center of the skull below the brain.
When the pituitary gland senses either a lack of thyroid hormone or too many, it
will adjust its own hormone (thyroid stimulating hormone, or TSH) and send it to
the thyroid to tell it what to do.
What is hypothyroidism?
If there is not enough thyroid hormone in the bloodstream, your body’s
metabolism slows down. This condition is called hypothyroidism (also known as
underactive thyroid disease). It is a relatively common disease that affects
people of all ages and races. However, women, especially older women, are more
likely to develop hypothyroidism than men. Hypothyroidism can affect up to 20%
of women over the age of 50.
What causes hypothyroidism?
The most common cause of hypothyroidism is a disorder known as autoimmune
thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s disease). The body’s immune system causes the
thyroid gland to lower the amount of hormones produced. Hashimoto’s disease
can be hereditary (you have close relatives who have the disease).
Thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid) can also occur after pregnancy or a
viral illness. Treatment with radioactive iodine for hyperthyroidism (overactive
thyroid) can result in hypothyroidism. Additionally, several medications
(lithium and amiodarone) can affect thyroid function.
Another potential cause of hypothyroidism is a problem with the pituitary
gland. The pituitary may fail to stimulate the thyroid to make enough hormones
to meet the body’s needs.
What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?
The symptoms of hypothyroidism usually develop slowly over a number of years
and include:
- Fatigue
- Numbness and tingling in hands
- Constipation
- Weight gain
- Intolerance to cold
- Dry, coarse skin and hair
- Decreased sexual interest
- Frequent, heavy menstrual periods
- Forgetfulness
- Puffy face
- Goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland)
How is hypothyroidism diagnosed?
Hypothyroidism can be difficult to diagnose because the symptoms are easily
confused with other conditions. A blood test called the TSH test can identify
thyroid disorders even before the onset of symptoms.
How is hypothyroidism treated?
Hypothyroidism is treated by replacing the amount of hormone that your
thyroid can no longer make. Various forms of thyroid hormone are available.
Thyroid medications are best if taken on an empty stomach. Your doctor will
monitor your illness and adjust your dosage as needed.
Thyroid disease is a lifelong condition. However, with careful management,
you can lead a normal and healthy life.
What happens if hypothyroidism is not treated?
If hypothyroidism is not treated, symptoms may become more severe, and can
include:
- Mental health problems
- Trouble breathing
- Inability to maintain normal body temperatures
- Heart problems
Can hypothyroidism be prevented?
Hypothyroidism cannot be prevented.
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